Library Management System

Ownership and transitions

Title equality and physical copy identity are different keys. A member may hold one active copy of a title; duplicate-title validation precedes exhaustion checks. Returning checks owner before releasing the copy. Keep one authoritative loan record rather than parallel mutable flags. A small implementation scans copies O(copies), with direct loan ownership lookup in a map.

JavaScript boundaries

Use native classes with per-instance state and plain object/array snapshots. Object assignment shares a reference; copy retained inputs and every outward mutable container, including nested arrays. null means absence. Map handles arbitrary string keys safely, including "__proto__"; do not confuse a missing key with zero or an empty string. Domain validation uses RangeError. Numeric inputs must satisfy Number.isSafeInteger, so booleans, fractions, infinities, and NaN are invalid where an integer is required. All documented aggregate results and timestamp-plus-duration sums fit the safe-integer range. Strings use exact case-sensitive equality; lexical order compares JavaScript UTF-16 code units. Calls are serialized and synchronous.

const internal = ["initial"];
const snapshot = [...internal];
snapshot.length = 0;
console.assert(internal.length === 1);

A detached snapshot protects ownership; the service still has to validate and commit a coherent transition.